Strawberry Sill Water Quality Analysis

The Strawberry Sill sampling program was included as part of the long-term Lake Whatcom monitoring program. Five lake sites are included in the long-term monitoring program: Sites 1–4, located at the deepest points in their respective basins, and the Intake site (Figure 1, page 12). Beginning in October 1996, three sampling sites were added along the 40-meter contour of Strawberry Sill (Sites s1–s3 on Figure 2, page 13). The sill sampling effort was limited to monthly Hydrolab measurements and biannual water quality analyses. In October 2000, the sampling effort along the sill was reduced to a single site (s2), and all sampling was discontinued after September 2002

Lake Whatcom Monitoring Project 1992/1993 Report

This report is part of an on-going series of annual reports and special project reports that document the Lake Whatcom monitoring program. This work is conducted by the Institute for Watershed Studies and other departments at Western Washington University. The major objective of this program is to provide long-term baseline water quality monitoring in Lake Whatcom and selected tributaries. Each section contains brief explanations about the water quality data, along with discussions of patterns observed in Lake Whatcom

Relationship between Drinking Water Treatment Chemical Usage and Lake Whatcom Water Quality and Algal Data

This assessment is based on daily Bellingham City water treatment data provided by Peg Wendling and a composite data file containing monthly averages for City water treatment chemical data and Institute for Watershed Studies water quality and algal data collected at the Intake site. The monthly averages were calculated using all available depths and dates from September 1992 through May 2004. (Note that the 2004 data only include January through May.

Lake Whatcom Monitoring Project 1993/1994 Report

This report is part of an on-going series of annual reports and special project reports that document the Lake Whatcom monitoring program. This work is conducted by the Institute for Watershed Studies and other departments at Western Washington University. The major objective of this program is to provide long-term baseline water quality monitoring in Lake Whatcom and selected tributaries. Each section contains brief explanations about the water quality data, along with discussions of patterns observed in Lake Whatcom

Lake Whatcom Monitoring Project 1991/1992 Report

This report is part of an on-going series of annual reports and special project reports that document the Lake Whatcom monitoring program. This work is conducted by the Institute for Watershed Studies and other departments at Western Washington University. The major objective of this program is to provide long-term baseline water quality monitoring in Lake Whatcom and selected tributaries. Each section contains brief explanations about the water quality data, along with discussions of patterns observed in Lake Whatcom

Civilizational deadlock of the economy of growth

The key topic of the paper is determined by the crisis situation of the nowadays economic model. Capitalism is the dominant economic form in the global economy. Varieties of capitalism exist ranging from state capitalism to neo liberalism but all are pervaded by a dominant theme, an egocentric economy model or ego-economics. This model is underlain by postulates of the need for a continued growth spurred by end-use. The realisation of this model is provided by monetary approaches and stimulation of consumer demand as the main driver of economic growth. The key tools for stimulating demand in this model of economy are competition, information impact on the consumer consciousness and choices, the massive accessibility of credit, the massive accessibility of financial markets and financial instruments, the actualisation of passive incomes as opposed to creative labour, and other degradation triggering factors. The crowning part of this model is the debt economy of consumption of societies of individualists who do not share traditional systems of values but are guided by illusory, temporary, short-term objectives. Thus, the egocentric economy model established dominance in relation to the ecological economy model, exposing a bulk of contradictions in principles underlying the system and promotes unsustainability. The future turned out to be in jeopardy... The paper contrasts ego-economics and ecoeconomics, traces of the emergence of the first one and the need for the second one as a necessary condition for long-term sustainability

In situ measurement shows ocean boundary layer physical processes control catastrophic global warming.

The infrared greenhouse gas heat trap at the top of the atmosphere controls anthropogenic global warming (AGW) heat balance. Processes at the top of the ocean similarly control the 93% of AGW in the oceans. The tropics are a global year-round ocean heat source. Heat is transported in the ocean by sinking brine from tropical evaporation and polar freezing. Buoyant freshwater and ice barriers limit heat loss from the surface layer. The almost completely unstudied ocean surface skin is critically important to understanding global warming and climate change processes. Studies to date have concentrated on atmospheric warming mainly from land-air data. In this paper we present the first hourly meridional 3m and surface observations in the equatorial Pacific from Tahiti to Hawaii for direct measurement of evaporation and ocean boundary layer heat trapping. We relate this to poleward heat and freshwater transport and ocean warming moderation by basal icemelt of floating ice explored in a second paper [1]. We show heat sequestration below 3m in the hypersaline (>35.5°) southern hemisphere (SH) is limited to ~6M Jm -2 day-1 but evaporation is 7.3mmm-2day--1, at salinity ~36.4° and temperature >28ºC. In the northern hemisphere (NH) tropics the corresponding figures are ~12 MJm-2day-1 and ~4.5mmm -2day--1. Equatorial upwelling and the 50m deep Bering Strait limit buoyant surface outflow from the North Pacific. We found pairs of counter-rotating vertical meridional tropical cells (MTCs), ~300-1200km wide, ~100m deep form separate SH and NH systems with little cross-equatorial flux. Counter-rotating Lagrangian wind-driven gyres transport heat and freshwater polewards in seasonally and tidally moderated stratified surface waters. The zonal geostrophic balance is maintained by the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) with an eastbound core ~140cms-1 and density ~25.0 at 50-150m. Global warming and polar icemelt has been underestimated from wrong assumptions of the processes in the top 3m of oceans. These are the unverified beliefs that ocean evaporation depends on windspeed and relative humidity that the ocean is well mixed to 10m depths, and by neglect of water density determined by both salinity and temperature. Temperature measurement to±0.01ºC is required to account for the 3000x greater volumetric heat capacity of seawater to air (3.9x106: 1.3x103Jm-3°C-1). Most SST data are to atmospheric standards (>±0.5°C). Evaporation depends only on temperature (Clausius-Clapeyron). Heat sequestration depends on the buoyant surface layer processes and underlying density gradient. Eleven interconnected counter-rotating Lagrangian wind-driven surface gyres form a global circulation system that carries buoyant surface water masses at speeds much higher than Eulerian geostrophic currents. Polar ice may erode year-round from basal melting from warm subsurface water.This explains contrasting Arctic/Antarctic warming impacts. We suggest many more in situ 3m timeseries especially meridional ones are needed to confirm our findings. In a second paper on centennial daily surface timeseries we show ocean surface warming trend rate post about 1976-1986 is ~0.037ºCyr-1, i.e. >ºC in 20 years [1]. We suggest global warming research be concentrated on the top of the ocean through multidisciplinary timeseries fieldwork verification, monitoring and modeling. This would best be conducted through a cost-efficient dynamic adaptive scientific management for rapid determination of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Reducing troposphere greenhouse gases can only reduce warming. Mitigation maybe possible through heat energy extraction from geothermal, ocean, tidal and solar sources

Lake Whatcom Monitoring Project 1996/1997 Report

This report is part of an on-going series of annual reports and special project reports that document the Lake Whatcom monitoring program. This work is conducted by the Institute for Watershed Studies and other departments at Western Washington University. The major objective of this program is to provide long-term baseline water quality monitoring in Lake Whatcom and selected tributaries. Each section contains brief explanations about the water quality data, along with discussions of patterns observed in Lake Whatcom

What is the potential for biogas digesters to improve soil carbon sequestration in Sub-Saharan Africa? Comparison with other uses of organic residues

Acknowledgments We are very grateful to the UK Department for International Development (DFID) New and Emerging Technologies Research Call for funding this work. PS is a Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award holder.Peer reviewedPostprin